امپراتوری پاندیان

Pandyan dynasty

Pāṇṭiya Pēraracu
Pandya Nadu
Pandyan dynasty; Pāṇṭiya Pēraracu; Pandya Nadu
400 BCE–1618 CE
	A close depiction of Tenkasi Pandiya flag as per archaeological findings and historians illustration.
	Greatest extent of the Pandya Empire, 13th Century
پایتخت	Korkai (port, early historic); مادورای (till 1335 CE); Tenkasi (till 1618 CE);
زبان(های) رسمی	زبان تامیلی;
دین(ها)	هندوئیسم (main); جین; بودیسم;
نام(های) اهلیت	Pandiyar
حکومت	Monarchy
• Around 270 BCE	Nedunjeliyan I (first documented)
• 560–590 CE	Kadungon (Pandya revival)
• 1613–1618 CE	Varagunarama
دوره تاریخی	قرون وسطی
• بنیان‌گذاری	400 BCE
• فروپاشی	1618 CE
	پسین
Tenkasi Pandyas
Madurai Nayak dynasty
Vijayanagara Empire
Delhi Sultanate
Jaffna kingdom
امروز بخشی از	هند; سری‌لانکا

امپراتوری پاندیان (انگلیسی: Pandya dynasty) از سلسله امپراتوری تامیل است که دست‌کم از ۳ تا ۴ قرن قبل از میلاد شکل گرفت و بر مناطق وسیعی از جنوب هند امروزی و شمال سریلانکا حکومت کرده است.^[۸]

جستارهای وابسته

منابع

↑ Walter Codrington, Hubert (1975). Ceylon Coins and Currency. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120609136.
↑ "Classical Indo-Roman Trade". Economic and Political Weekly (به انگلیسی). 48 (26–27). 2015-06-05.
↑ ^۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام Fall وارد نشده است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).
↑ Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 46. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Kings of the Chola and Pandya dynasties also issued Tamil and bilingual Tamil inscriptions.
↑ C. Sivaramamurti (1977). L'Art en Inde. H. N. Abrams. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8109-0630-3. Thus the state language was whether the inscriptions were from the north or the south and whether the dynasty was Gupta, Vakatak[a], Vardhana, Maukhari, Pratihara, Paramara, Chandella, Pala, Sena, Gahadavala, Haihaya, Ganga, Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, or Vijayanagar[a]. Inscriptions were sometimes written in regional languages, but they invariably had a preface in Sanskrit.
↑ Thapar, Romila. "India – Society and Culture (8th–13th century)". Encyclopædia Britannica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2021-01-22.
↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). ISBN 0-226-74221-0.
↑ Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.). A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 172–73.

مشارکت‌کنندگان ویکی‌پدیا. «Pandya dynasty». در دانشنامهٔ ویکی‌پدیای انگلیسی، بازبینی‌شده در ۴ سپتامبر ۲۰۲۴.

پیوند به بیرون

[1] Walter Codrington, Hubert (1975). Ceylon Coins and Currency. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120609136.

[2] "Classical Indo-Roman Trade". Economic and Political Weekly (به انگلیسی). 48 (26–27). 2015-06-05.

[Fall-3] ۳٫۰ ^۳٫۱ خطای یادکرد: خطای یادکرد:برچسب <ref>‎ غیرمجاز؛ متنی برای یادکردهای با نام Fall وارد نشده است. (صفحهٔ راهنما را مطالعه کنید.).

[4] Upinder Singh (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 46. ISBN 978-81-317-1120-0. Kings of the Chola and Pandya dynasties also issued Tamil and bilingual Tamil inscriptions.

[5] C. Sivaramamurti (1977). L'Art en Inde. H. N. Abrams. p. 60. ISBN 978-0-8109-0630-3. Thus the state language was whether the inscriptions were from the north or the south and whether the dynasty was Gupta, Vakatak[a], Vardhana, Maukhari, Pratihara, Paramara, Chandella, Pala, Sena, Gahadavala, Haihaya, Ganga, Pallava, Chola, Pandya, Chalukya, Rashtrakuta, or Vijayanagar[a]. Inscriptions were sometimes written in regional languages, but they invariably had a preface in Sanskrit.

[Thapar-6] Thapar, Romila. "India – Society and Culture (8th–13th century)". Encyclopædia Britannica (به انگلیسی). Retrieved 2021-01-22.

[7] Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (b). ISBN 0-226-74221-0.

[:302-8] Karashima, Noburu (2014). "The Fall of the Old States". In Karashima, Noburu (ed.). A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 172–73.

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